I love animals. I also eat them. I have rather recently charted my course for the future, and one of my stops shall be a veterinary school (hopefully Auburn, Alabama). I intend to become a veterinarian (among other, more esoteric things) so naturally I must love animals? Indeed, that is the first thing which comes to people's minds when they hear of my new plan: "Oh, you'd like to be a vet? I didn't know that you loved animals." Firstly: most peoples love animals - or mammals at least - especially very young animals,who, after all, are biologically engineered to be terribly cute. The assumption that follows next is that I must have strong feelings about animals rights (I do, as you shall soon enough see; only, not exactly the feelings people fancy). Animals, I most vehemently assert, do not have rights. Further, there is no contradiction between on the one hand liking animals, yet also being exceptionally fond of eating their flesh.
A little lesson in history: the earliest human societies consisted of hunter gatherers. These bands followed wild animals around and threw stuff at them. On very lucky days, perhaps an animal would drop dead from old age, or maybe it couldn't get away fast enough (arthritis, after all, is by no means specific to humans. Paleopathological evidence of such chronic illnesses can be found in dinosaur skeletons) and our prehistoric people got to eat more than a few handfuls of (probably shitty tasting) berries. Meat, however, goes bad very quickly: if you don't believe me, kill your roommate (the one that sings show tunes in the shower at 3 am), leave him somewhere, and see how long it takes for people to notice the funny smell. This presents a problem to someone who wishes to eat meat regularly. Sure, you can smoke meat, or you can salt it and it will keep for a while; none of these methods, however, can touch any of my mother's freezer records.
The domestication of animal populations then was the ancient world equivalent of a freezer. Suddenly, by keeping your meat alive, you keep it from rotting. Then, when a suitable occasion arises e.g. the return of your son who wasted half of your money on wine and cheap hookers, the backyard barbeque to which you invited
בעל (Ba'al), &c all you have to do is fetch a priest (though, things become more complicated when the Israeli kingship tries to consolodate power over the countryside by making the Temple the only place animals can be sacrificed) and cut the animal's jugular, and just like that, fresh meat, and no freezerburn! [Note, this is an oversimplification of the process. cf. liber levitici for all the rules]
The domestication - and by domestication one may as well say abuse: the keeping of animals in placed they'd probably rather not be till a time comes when it is convenient for us to brutally kill them and eat them. I can't imagine free range chickens are all that thrilled about being killed - of animals brought about a radical change in human society. Most human societies shift from matriarchies to patriarchies, and livestock become the world's first currency. The Latin word
pecunia - money - comes from pecus, pecudis, a word that refers to a single head of cattle. Animals were the first private property, the first currency.
Natural rights don't exist. Legal rights presuppose property. All laws that protect our rights as citizens of x country are usually only incidental to the laws which protect our property rights as land or livestock owners in x country. The bare-bones of any legal system is punishment for the destruction of property. While ancient law codices contain the usual prohibitions on killing, the bulk of them read similar to the following:
If a man had let an arable field to a(nother) man for cultivation, but he did not cultivate it, turning it into wasteland, he shall measure out three
kur [measure of volume] of barley per
iku [measure of area] of field. (Eshnuna 31)
If a man flooded the field of a man with water, he shall measure out three
kur of barley per
iku of field. (Eshnuna 32)
If any one hire an ox, and put out its eye, he shall pay the owner one-half of its value. (Hammurabi 249)
and my very favourite Babylonian inscriptions of all time:
If a veterinary surgeon perform a serious operation on an ass or an ox, and cure it, the owner shall pay the surgeon one-sixth of a shekel as a fee.
If he perform a serious operation on an ass or ox, and kill it, he shall pay the owner one-fourth of its value. (Hammurabi 224 & 225)
The principles at work here are purely economic. If I injure your property such that it is less capable of earning money for you, I must pay you dammages. The same properties are at work with men:
If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death. Not because sons should be reared by their fathers. Not because he might become a malajusted member of society or develop Stokholm-syndrome or any nonsense like that, but because as the head of a household, your son is a force, cleverer, but not otherwise much different from an ox, that you can set to work to earn you money.